MAJOR CATEGORIES OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDER:

            Psychoses=the schizophrenias

                 What is usually meant by CRAZY

                 Hallucinations and delusions are common

                    i. Especially "voices", auditory hallucinations

                 As is DISORGANIZATION of thought and
                    behavior

                    i.  Examples

                    ii. Meaning of the term "schizophrenia"             


		Problem: the manias OFTEN mimic schiziform
                    thought disorders

            Affective (emotional) disorders:

                 Depression - the mood disorders

                    i. Generally distinguish between depression
                         alternating with manic episodes, or "bipolar" depression, 
			 and just plain depressed.

                 Anxiety - Many forms of excessive anxiety:

             	       i. Panic attacks                   

			ii. Phobias, especially Social phobia

                    iii. Obsessive-compulsive disorder

            Social Misbehavior

                 Hyperactivity

                 Anti-social Personality

                 Substance Abuse

  ETIOLOGY: THE CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDER

       THE PROBLEM: NATURE OR NURTURE?    DEMONSTRATING HERITABILITY DOES NOT RULE
          OUT AN ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE

       DEMONSTRATED RESPONSE TO DRUGS DOES NOT
          RULE OUT AN ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE

       DEMONSTRATING A BRAIN LESION IN A DISORDER
          DOES NOT RULE OUT AN ENVIRONMENTAL CAUSE

       THE CONVERSE IS ALSO TRUE: Lack of a known
          genetic predisposition, coupled with no known brain lesion and no response to known drugs may simply be a measure of ignorance

       ONLY IDENTIFICATION OF:

            What is wrong in the brain

            The necessary conditions which produce this
               abnormality

       CAN DETERMINE ETIOLOGY

  EPIDEMIOLOGY: THE PREVALENCE OF MENTAL
     DISORDERS:

       EPIDEMIOLOGY: Who gets a disease, how frequently

       THE PSYCHOSES:

            Earlier, worse in males

            Uncertain class differences

            Somewhere between 1% and 2%, world-wide

            Cost in US estimated around $ 65 billion/year

       DEPRESSION:

            Unipolar depression:

                 Common, about 17% experience in a lifetime             

		Chronic and recurring, about 10% experienced
                    in the last year

                 Twice as likely in women

            Bi-polar depression: Much less common, around 1%,
               incidence same over sexes

       ANXIETY DISORDERS:

            MOST common, although the line between normal
               and abnormal/dysfunctional is VERY hard to draw
                    
                 Is a fear of public speaking included?                 

		What about arachnaphobia? Fear of heights?

            "Simple" phobias, such as above, are VERY
               common, around 14% of women, 8% of males

            Panic attack/agoraphobia: A crippling disorder,
               leaves people house-bound; incidence around 4%, and more women affected

            Obsessive-compulsive disorder: Obsessive, anxiety-
               provoking thoughts treated with compulsive behavior - 
		lifetime incidence around 2.5%, no sex difference

       COMORBIDITY: The clinical reality: about 15% of US
          population suffers from MULTIPLE disorders, is functionally crippled